Particle image velocimetry for velocity measurement of muzzle flow: Detailed experimental study

A deep understanding of muzzle flow fields is essential for optimizing devices and projectile design. This characterization has been heretofore limited to local intrusive measurement techniques such as pressure measurements using pencil probes. Consequently, the quantitative experimental data are limited, so number numerical codes validated in this field. The objective present work demonstrate applicability Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique provide accurate velocity challenging environment propellant a .300 blackout weapon. During work, we have studied feasibility PIV on using: (i) naturally existing particles combustion gas tracers, (ii) two different solid tracers; namely TiO2 ZrO2 with nominal size 100 nm, seeded methods. first method implies coating grains tracer powder, second one added directly inside cartridge case. experiments aim particular: capability resolve main structures flow, assessment particle response across Mach disk, (iii) non-alteration weapon's ballistics. To achieve goal, an setup five was installed: system, classical high-speed schlieren visualization, optical counter, (vi) transducer chamber, (v) measurement. results demonstrated ability accurately features well instantaneous field; that products contain sub-micrometric which can follow high fidelity flow; particles, when coated grains, suitable tracers presenting good seeding these inert recommended subsonic conditions (or whenever there lack unburned particles); (iv) intended act surprisingly not only melted but also functioned accelerator decreased gas.